Biography of Pope John Paul II Essay Example for Free

Biography of Pope John Paul II Essay I. Early Life The Pope John Paul II was born Karol Jà ³zef WojtyÅ‚a, before his papacy in October 1978 .He was born in the Polish town of Wadowice, a small city 50 kilometers from Krakow, on May 18, 1920. Karol Jà ³zef WojtyÅ‚a was then the youngest of the three children born to Karol WojtyÅ‚a and Emilia Kaczorowska. His mother died in 1929 while Edmund, his eldest brother who was a doctor, died in 1932 and his father who was a non-commissioned army officer died in 1941. A sister, Olga, had died before he was born. Fr. Franciszek Zak baptized Karol Jà ³zef WojtyÅ‚a on The 20th of June in 1920 in the parish church of Wadowice. He was nine (9) years old when he took his First Holy Communion and was a confirmed Catholic at the age of eighteen at eighteen (18). â€Å"Upon graduation from Marcin Wadowita high school in Wadowice, he enrolled in Krakows Jagiellonian University in 1938 and in a school for drama.† (Short Biography, 2005) A year after, the university was closed by the Nazi forces. The young Karol instead had to work in a quarry from 1940 until 1944 and after in the factory of chemicals, Solvay, to earn his living and to keep away from being deported to Germany. Karol was always aware of his religious callings, and it was in 1942 when he started courses of becoming a priest in the clandestine seminary of Krakow, managed by Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha, the archbishop of Krakow at that time. â€Å"At the same time, Karol WojtyÅ‚a was one of the pioneers of the Rhapsodic Theatre, also clandestine.† (Short Biography, 2005) II. Post World War II Life with the Church Karol Jà ³zef WojtyÅ‚a pursued his studies in the major seminary of Krakow when it had reopened after the Second World War. At the same time he was a faculty of theology of the Jagiellonian University. It was in 1946, at the first day of November when he was ordained to the priesthood in Krakow. Archbishop Sapieha did the honor to ordain him. Thereafter, the same cardinal sent Father Karol WojtyÅ‚a to Rome to work under the direction of the French Dominican, Garrigou-Lagrange It was in 1948 when Father WojtyÅ‚a finished his doctorate in theology having a thesis on the â€Å"subject of faith in the works of St. John of the Cross (Doctrina de fide apud Sanctum Ioannem a Cruce)†. (Short Biography, 2005).   Even then, he was a good catholic and a person because that time after having his doctorate degree, while he was on vacations, he applied his pastoral ministry among the Polish immigrants of France, Belgium and Holland. During the same year he returned to his home country and became a vicar of many parishes in Krakow as well as chaplain to young students in the university and these roles and activities lasted until 1951. Beginning 1951 he pursued his studies again to widen his knowledge on philosophy and theology and two years after he was to defend a thesis on evaluation of the possibility of founding a Catholic ethic on the ethical system of Max Scheler at Lublin Catholic University.† (Short Biography, 2005) After this event he became a professor teaching about moral theology and social ethics in the key seminary of Krakow as served as a Faculty of Theology of at the same time. He was appointed as a titular bishop of Ombi on the 4th of July in 1958. The Pope Pius XII also appointed him as an auxiliary of Krakow on that same moment. On the 28th of September of the same year he was consecrated as a bishop by Archbishop Eugeniusz Baziak in Wawel Cathedral located in Krakow. Bishop WojtyÅ‚a had a lot of meaningful religious activities before he became the pope in October 1978. Among these are the publication of his dissertation in 1960, Evaluation of the Possibility of Constructing a Christian Ethic based on the System of Max Scheler† and the publication of Love and Responsibility; and in 1965 he made his Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops, containing the famous words We forgive and ask forgiveness (Pre-Pontificate, 2005) III. And He Became the Pope John Paul II It was October 16, 1978 when Cardinal Karol WojtyÅ‚a  was elected successor to Pope John Paul I, the 264th Pope of the Catholic Church and takes the name  John Paul II. (Pontificate, 2005) During his election as the pope, â€Å"there were three surprises: that the new pope should be so young 58; that he should be a non-Italian; and that he should come from an Eastern European country. Though there has been noticeably less talk about the Holy Spirit, once again the cardinals have said how satisfied they are with their choice.†Ã‚  (Hebblethwaite 3) During his first year in the papal seat in 1978, he made numerous and notable activities and encouragement to the whole Catholic world. Among these are the Urbi et Orbi  radio message, John Paul IIs historic embrace of Cardinal  WyszyÅ„ski, the visits  to the Shrine of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Mentorella, Rome and to  Assisi  to venerate the tomb of St. Francis, patron of Italy, and to the Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva to venerate the tomb of St. Catherine, patroness of Italy, The preceding year of his papacy and the years after it, Pope John Paul II simply inspired the whole Catholic community with his leadership. In 1979, the Pope accepted the request made by  Argentina  and  Chile  for the Holy See’s mediation in solving the controversy that was on going between the two nations. He also made the Pastoral Visit to  Santo Domingo in Dominican Republic, to Mexico  for the Third General Conference of the Latin American Bishops and the Bahamas  on January 25th to February 1st 1979 for his 1st Apostolic Voyage. (Pontificate, 2005) This voyage was succeeded by the second, third and fourth, all happening in the same year, 1979. These were the visits or voyages to Poland in June, in  Ireland, the U.N.  and the  United States of America  in September and in Turkey in November. During his voyage to his homeland, he had a very specific message to his countrymen. â€Å"The popes letter on the purpose of his visit, in which he stressed that he hoped to serve the unity of the Poles. (Hebblethwaite 3) During the 1980s, among the outstanding activities of Pope John Paul II involve Pastoral Voyages to  Zaire, Republic of Congo, Kenya, Ghana, Upper Volta  and  Ivory Coast, France, Brazil, and West Germany. His pastoral visit to Naples, Potenza, Balvano  and  Avellino was made after the earthquake. The apostolic voyages, which obviously result to greater acceptance among the Catholics of the respective visited nations, also serve as reminders to each and every one to restore their faith and be better followers of God. The pope never missed in reinstating this message anywhere he visits. At the year 1980 was ending the pope made his Apostolic Letter  Egregiae virtutis  in which he proclaimed Sts. Cyril and Methodius, together with St. Benedict, Patrons of Europe. As the leader, teacher and model of millions of Catholic followers, John Paul II made and performed his papal responsibilities dutifully. The Popes 1988 encyclical,  Sollicitudo Rei Socialis,  which is about social justice threading a middle ground between the sides of capitalists and socialists and putting arguments on both economic developments and placing the needs of those millions of poors over the wants of the selected wealthy. This Sollicitudo Rei Socialis is in fact believed to be â€Å"one of his most substantial documents.† (John Paul II) A new catechism was approved by Pope John Paul II in 1992. This contained comprehensive statements of devotion meant to unify the entire Catholic It was in October of this year when the Pope was able to publish a large encyclical on moral issues fairly â€Å"inspired by the pedophilia or the sexual attraction of adults to children crisis† (John Paul II) that was rampant in the United States. It was called Veritatis Splendor  or The Resplendence of Truth. In 1994 the Pope was with the Special Assembly for Africa  of the Synod of Bishops on the theme:† The Church in Africa and Her Evangelizing Mission Towards the Year 2000: You Shall Be My Witnesses. On that same year however, on the month of April the Pope had an accidental fall on the evening of the 28th causing a fracture on his right femur. Thereafter the Holy Father recovered at the Gemelli Polyclinic Hospital and undergone an operation and was hospitalized until the 27th of May. (Pontificate, 2005) Fulfilling the promise of his apostolic letter  Tertio Millennio adveniente  (As the Third Millennium Draws Near, 1994 the pope entered the year 2000, which he greeted by a proclamation of this year as the year of the Great Jubilee.   The Pope carried on this year â€Å"with a series of epoch-making activities calling for dialogue and brotherhood among the faiths.† (Pope John Paul) In February of the new millennium, John Paul II was the first pope to make a visit to Egypt, where he celebrated a mass in Cairo, stirring on discrimination against Christians in Egypt and other countries of Africa. On March 12, 2000, the pope also asked for forgiveness for many of the Catholic Churchs past sins, such as its treatment of Jews, heretics, women, and native peoples. â€Å"This was believed to be the first time in the history of the Catholic Church that one of its leaders sought such a sweeping pardon.† (John Paul II Biography) In the beginning of 2004, the Pope made his appeal to everyone regarding World Peace. â€Å"All of you, hear the humble appeal of the Successor of Peter who cries out: today too, at the beginning of the New Year 2004,  peace remains possible. And if peace is possible,  it is also a duty!†(John Paul II, 2004) A year before his death, Pope John Paul II was conferred the  International Charlemagne Prize, a prestigious award given annually by the city of Aachen, Germany, in recognition â€Å"of the Pope’s personal commitment, and that of the Holy See, in favor of unity among the peoples of Europe on the basis of the values rooted in the common human nature and efficaciously promoted by Christianity† (Pontificate, 2005) On February, at least a month before his death the Memory and Identity was published. This book was all about the Pope John Paul II, his life, and his legacy to the world. With his great contribution to the Catholic Church and in humanity in general, Pope John Paul II died in Vatican on April 2, 2005 at 9:37 in the evening. He was a great pope, leader, teacher and a person who gave much inspiration and teachings to his followers.

The Impact Of Product Location :: Business and Management Studies:

The Impact Of Product Location Before we start I think it is important that I clarify what we mean by Marketing as a concept. Basically it is about selling products that customers want to buy, this is achieved by putting the customer first. Continuing customer research identifies needs and trends in customers buying behaviour which we can cater for to attract further customers. By satisfying the needs of our customers they will become regular customers and will potentially recommend us to their friends and families. The way that we meet our customers needs is by getting the right balance of the â€Å"marketing mix† by selling the right product at the right price in the right place whilst being presented correctly. As we advance into the twenty first century there is a stronger focus on marketing than selling within our supermarkets. The supermarket retail sector in this country has reached maturity and as a result we cannot simply open new supermarkets to compete with our rivals. Instead to compete we must build a loyalty base of existing customers whilst attempting to attract customers from our competitors. There has been a noticeable shift from mass marketing to segment marketing. Our customers are individuals with individual needs. You cannot simply sell the same product to everyone because people are different they require different products or at least different versions of the same product. To this end the physical identity of our supermarkets is evolving as the products within them evolve. This has led to diversity in our display methods allowing us to prioritise and promote certain products over other products. Simple things like having two columns of aisles rather than one has doubled the end of aisle space within the store. By their very nature of being at the end of the aisle they attract a greater amount of attention from the customer. By observing customers in our supermarkets it is clear that customer behave in certain ways and respond to certain stimuli. It is perhaps common sense that after walking the length of an aisle that you will check out the end of the aisle as you walk around to head back down the next aisle. It is also common sense that products displayed at eye level attract more attention and are more easily found by our customers. This does not just apply to adults, by placing products that appeal to children at a level that they can see them it is clear that they are more likely to ask their parents to buy these goods. It has also been identified that many customers when searching for products look ahead but also

Affirmative Action Essay

Affirmative Action has remained one of the most controversial social issues of our time. Aggressive non-discrimination was the original intention, but it soon became clear that merely promising not to discriminate would have little effect on the racial bias in our society. My own opinion was first formed by my father and influenced by the conservative environment in which I lived. Since then, I have experienced a much broader view of American society. I have heard many different opinions on affirmative action from all aspects of our culture and I have changed my mind. The roots of affirmative action can be traced back to the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, where legislation redefined public and private behavior. The act states that to discriminate in private is legal, but anything regarding business or public discrimination is illegal (Affirmative† 13). There are two instances when opposing affirmative action might seem the wrong thing to do. First, the nobility of the cause to help others. Second, affirmative action was a great starter for equality in the work place. The case against affirmative action ests heavily on myth and misunderstanding, and following illustrates that an absence of affirmative action in today’s society will only reinforce racial injustice. Myth 1: The only way to create a color-blind society is to adopt color-blind policies. Although this statement sounds unthinkingly possible, the reality is that colorblind policies often put racial minorities at a disadvantage. For instance, color-blind seniority system tends to protect white workers against job layoffs, because senior employees are usually white (Ezorsky, 1991). Myth 2: Affirmative action has not succeeded in increasing female and minority representation. Several studies have documented important gains in racial and gender equality as a direct result of affirmative action (Bowen & Bok, 1998; Murrell & Jones, 1996). For example, affirmative action has helped five million minorities and six million whites and minority women to be promoted in the workplace. The effect of the affirmative action program previously documented show important gains in racial and gender equality according to, Roger Clegg of the Academic Search Premier. America is known as the land of opportunity. However, it became evident that â€Å"opportunity† was only available to white men. Later, laws were passed to ensure equal opportunity regardless of race, sex, and religion. These affirmative action laws were set in place by our government with the intent of correcting the social evil known as prejudice; but in doing so, they created a monster. Affirmative action has become an ineffective, outdated, and socially harmful policy that is weakening our great nation. Should Affirmative Action be mended or ended? Affirmative action is an attempt to correct unequal distribution of benefits (status, income and wealth, power and authority,) and burdens associated with ethnic and gender differences. When we become citizens of this nation, at birth or otherwise, we get a warranty. That warranty is supposed to be honored by every government franchise in every village and hamlet of this nation. It is non transferable, and it is good for the life of the vehicle. We are guaranteed the right to vote, the right to due process; the right to be free, not to be enslaved, as long as we conduct ourselves in accordance with the laws of our nation; and the right to equal treatment under the law, regardless of our race, color, sex, religion national origin. These are rights which attach to us as individuals, not as members of a group. Affirmative action has its roots in that passion for fairness. When President Lyndon Johnson explained affirmative action to the nation, it is significant that he said,’ You can’t bring a man to the starting line who has been hobbled by chains and expect him to run the race competitively. ‘ Fairness dictated that the nation pursue affirmative action to compensate black Americans for the wrong that had been done. Affirmative action was a technique for jump-starting the process of integrating black Americans into the fabric of American society, for changing the culture of America from an exclusive society into an inclusive one. I will never abandon my faith that America can become Ronald Reagan’s â€Å"shining city on the hill,† a society in which a person’s gender or race or ethnic background are irrelevant in the transactions of their government. Let us not mourn the death of affirmative action. Instead, let us proclaim our belief that the spirit of equal opportunity, which affirmative action engendered, has become a permanent fixture of America’s social, economic, and political landscape. Let us have faith in our own sense of fair play and keep affirmative action alive. Efficiency is important to the success of any machine, including economic machines. Affirmative action increases diversity, but it does so at a cost. The cost is that it promotes racism indirectly by focusing on differences. I have a better idea. The main goal behind affirmative action is to promote unity and efficiency. So the question is what is the best way to do that? One way, is to simply provide unity incentives. Instead of punishing qualified white males, we should instead provide incentives to white males to promote diversity and unity. The best way to do this is to use the tax system. Greater unity should mean lower taxes, meaning tax incentives to anyone who promotes unity. The more women you hire, the lower your taxes. The more minorities you hire, the lower your taxes. If your business is diverse according to guidelines, you should actually be able to earn money for promoting diversity and unity. Affirmative action is wrong; you should not punish qualified employees. You should instead reward shareholders, CEO’s, and the corporation itself for doing what is rational, and in the best interest of the bottom line. So one replacement for affirmative action could be unity tax deductions. Another replacement for affirmative action could be unity credits, where individuals who choose to run their business or give to charities which promote unity, can actually receive credits for doing so and abolish affirmative action. That great American pastime—baseball—is a reminder of the intensity of our passion for fairness as we encourage the crowd to ‘kill the umpire’ if he makes what we consider an unfair call. As we drive home at the end of the day, our hands gripping the steering wheel, our bumper kissing the one ahead, when to our right a vehicle speeds along the curb and merges ahead of us at the moment when an opening appears, our passion for fairness surfaces. The protrusion of one of our fingers signals our belief that one of the rules of fairness has been violated. In every sport I can think of—baseball, basketball, football, tennis—one is expected to play between the white lines. To do otherwise is unfair and carries a penalty. The problem with affirmative action is that it singles out a particular ethnic subsection of the lower class, while leaving many deserving people behind solely because of their heritage. Instead, this society should focus on raising the bar for all members of the lower and middle class who wish to educate themselves and better their economic, intellectual and cultural positions in life. We should do this by providing more lower class young adults of all colors and creeds with inexpensive higher education. I strongly believe that only when affirmative action is unnecessary and outmoded should we abolish it. We should not destroy our current solution without creating a newer, better one. In conclusion, affirmative action policies, as they exist right now, are ineffective, outdated, hypocritical, and harmful. On the other hand, affirmative action is the best thing since peanut butter, where all people of all race can enjoy a good sandwich. Though all of these may be argued well by both sides, this last point is indisputable. Affirmative Action, no matter how it is explained, rationalized, justified, or disguised, will still be the center of social issues in our time and the time to come.

Leadership Style Of Leadership Styles - 835 Words

Leadership styles vary amongst every person in a leadership role. Styles may be categorized as authoritarian, procedural, transformational, participative and laissez-fair. Following an assessment of my own leadership style (How to find your style of leadership, 2016) it appears that my style of leadership is characterized as laissez-faire. I’m a leader who is not formally recognized but rather involves the entire team and makes informed decisions based on group ideas, discussions and team decisions. The amount of control I typically have is low and I expect my team to contribute ideas and decisions but ultimately, I am responsible for the final decisions and the success or failure. Assessment Results I was absolutely not surprised by the results of my assessment. By nature, I am more of a follower than a leader. This assessment proved my theory to be correct. I am hesitant in making uniformed and risky decisions professionally as well as personally. I have always relied heavily on a team of people I can trust and to help me make informed choices. Perhaps I lack self confidence in my decision making skills, so I lean on others for guidance and support. The personal feeling of disappointing someone is overwhelming me to the point where I am afraid to make any decisions without help from another source. I understand I am human and humans make mistakes. The point of mistakes is to learn from them. However, it is still hard to deal with disappointing someone on anShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles : Leadership Style780 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Leadership style is designed according to a pioneer s behaviors, which is enveloped under behaviorist theory. Inside of this class, distinctive examples of leadership behavior are watched and classified as leadership styles. 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